What You Need to Know
Myoblasts differentiate at 37 °C, 5 % CO₂, and low oxygen (~5 % O₂) in a medium with 2 % FBS or serum‑free alternatives. Scaffold porosity of 80–90 % and pore size 100–300 µm optimize nutrient diffusion and cell alignment, while collagen I, GelMA, and decellularized plant cellulose provide a 1–5 kPa mechanical environment. Growth factors FGF‑2 (10 ng/mL) and IGF‑1 (5 ng/mL) enhance myogenic differentiation, and perfusion shear stresses below 2 Pa prevent cell detachment. Bacterial contamination risk rises sharply after 48 h without sterility checks.}},