What You Need to Know
The process begins with yeast converting grape sugars into ethanol. Acetic acid bacteria then oxidize the ethanol to acetic acid, raising the acidity to 4–5 %. Proper temperature control (15–25 °C) and timing (1–3 days) are essential to achieve the desired flavor while preventing spoilage.
The Science
Primary Reaction
Yeast fermentation of sugars to ethanol, followed by acetic acid bacteria oxidizing ethanol to acetic acid