Bitter Sensing <i>TAS2R50</i> Mediates the <i>trans</i>-Resveratrol-Induced Anti-inflammatory Effect on Interleukin 6 Release in HGF-1 Cells in Culture

Abstract

Recent data have shown anti-inflammatory effects for <i>trans</i>-resveratrol (RSV) and rosmarinic acid (RA) in various immune-competent cell models through reduction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin 6 (IL-6) release. Because both compounds have been reported to taste bitter, we hypothesized an involvement of human bitter taste sensing receptors (TAS2Rs) on IL-6 release in LPS-treated human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1). First, the bitter taste intensity of RSV and RA was compared in a sensory trial with 10 untrained panelists, of whom 90% rated a 50 ppm of RSV in water solution more bitter than 50 ppm of RA. A mean 19 ± 6% reduction of the RSV-induced bitter taste intensity was achieved by co-administration of 50 ppm of the bitter-masking, TAS2R43 antagonist homoeriodictyol (HED). Mechanistic experiments in a stably CRISPR-Cas9-edited <i>TAS2R43ko</i> gastric cell model revealed involvement of TAS2R43 in the HED-evoked effect on RSV-induced proton secretion, whereas the cellular response to RSV did not depend upon <i>TAS2R43</i>. Next, the IL-6 modulatory effect of 100 μM RSV was studied in LPS-treated immune-competent HGF-1 cells. After 6 h of treatment, RSV reduced the LPS-induced IL-6 gene expression and protein release by -46.2 ± 12.7 and -73.9 ± 2.99%, respectively. This RSV-evoked effect was abolished by co-administration of HED. Because real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed a regulation of <i>TAS2R50</i> in RSV with or without HED-treated HGF-1 cells, an siRNA knockdown approach of <i>TAS2R50</i> was applied to verify <i>TAS2R50</i> involvement in the RSV-induced reduction of the LPS-evoked IL-6 release in HGT-1 cells.