Determination of Antioxidant, Anti-Alzheimer, Antidiabetic, Antiglaucoma and Antimicrobial Effects of Zivzik Pomegranate (Punica granatum)—A Chemical Profiling by LC-MS/MS

Abstract

Zivzik pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i>) has recently sparked considerable interest due to its nutritional and antioxidant properties. To evaluate the antioxidant capacities of <i>P. granatum</i> juice, ethanol (EEZP), and water (WEZP) extracts from peel and seed, the antioxidant methods of 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical (ABTS^•+) scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH^•) scavenging, Fe³⁺-2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) reducing, Fe³⁺ reducing, and Cu²⁺ reducing methods were used. The antioxidant capacities of samples were compared with the most commonly used synthetic antioxidants, i.e., BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol, and Trolox. In terms of setting an example, the IC₅₀ values of EEZP for ABTS^•+ and DPPH^• scavenging activities were found to be lower than standards, at 5.9 and 16.1 μg/mL, respectively. The phenolic and flavonoid contents in EEZP peel were 59.7 mg GAE/g and 88.0 mg QE/g, respectively. Inhibition of α-glycosidase, α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) enzymes was also investigated. EEZP demonstrated IC₅₀ values of 7.3 μg/mL against α-glycosidase, 317.7 μg/mL against α-amylase, 19.7 μg/mL against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and 106.3 μg/mL against CA II enzymes. A total of 53 phenolic compounds were scanned, and 30 compounds were determined using LC-MS/MS. <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> bacteria were resistant to all four antibiotics used as standards in hospitals.