The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Aleksandra Bykowska-Derda, Marcin Spychała, Magdalena Człapka-Matyasik, Mariusz Sojka, J. Bykowski, Mariusz Ptak
Foods
Abstract
This systematic literature review shows that total water hardness could affect CVD prevention and mortality. Due to the many confounding factors in the studies, more research is needed.
Concepts
ConfoundingMedicineMeta-analysisEnvironmental healthCardiovascular healthScopusWeb of scienceMortality rate