Antimicrobial Activity of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil in Human Health Treatment

Abstract

The use of natural compounds to prevent and treat infective diseases is increasing its importance, especially in the case of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms-mediated infections. The drug resistance phenomenon is today a global problem, so it is important to have available substances able to counteract MDR infections. <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i> (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (commonly called clove) is a spice characterized by several biological properties. Clove essential oil (EO) consists of numerous active molecules, being eugenol as the principal component; however, other compounds that synergize with each other are responsible for the biological properties of the EO. <i>S. aromaticum</i> is traditionally used for bowel and stomach disorders, cold and flu, oral hygiene, tooth decay, and for its analgesic action. Its EO has shown antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, anti-stress, anticancer, and anti-nociceptive activities. This review aims to investigate the role of <i>E. S. aromaticum</i> EO in the counteraction of MDR microorganisms responsible for human disorders, diseases, or infections, such as <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Salmonella typhi</i>, <i>Candida albicans</i>, <i>Giardia lamblia</i>, <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>, <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>. This study might orient clinical researchers on future therapeutic uses of <i>S. aromaticum</i> EO in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.