Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990–2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050
Mohsen Naghavi, Stein Emil Vollset, Kevin S Ikuta, Lucien R Swetschinski, Authia P Gray, Eve E Wool +4 more
The Lancet
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an important global health challenge in the 21st century. A previous study has quantified the global and regional burden of AMR for 2019, followed with additional publications that provided more detailed estimates for several WHO regions by country. To date, there have been no studies that produce comprehensive estimates of AMR burden across locations that encompass historical trends and future forecasts. METHODS: We estimated all-age and age-specific deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to and associated with bacterial AMR for 22 pathogens, 84 pathogen-drug combinations, and 11 infectious syndromes in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We collected and used multiple cause of death data, hospital disch