Metabolomics profiling and techno-functional characterization of freeze-dried pumpkin flower (Cucurbita maxima) powder for food fortification

Abstract

Abstract Traditionally valued for their aesthetic and aromatic appeal, edible flowers are now recognized for their nutritional and medicinal benefits. They represent an affordable and sustainable plant-based food source with growing potential in functional food applications. This study aimed to determine the most suitable drying method for maintaining the nutritional quality of pumpkin flowers. Freeze-drying emerged as the optimal technique, effectively preserving vital nutrients. The resulting freeze-dried pumpkin flower powder underwent comprehensive evaluation, including physicochemical properties, proximate composition, bioactive compounds, and techno-functional attributes. Advanced characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transf