From milk to solid: a review and meta-regression analysis on the effects of solid feed on veal calf welfare and abomasal lesions

Abstract

This study reviewed the evolution of solid feed (SF) use in veal calf nutrition and conducted a regression meta-analysis to assess its effects on abomasal health. The traditional feeding system for veal calves consisted exclusively of liquid diets based on whole cow’s milk, and more recently on formulated milk replacers. The provision of limited quantities of SF (50–250 g per calf per day) was mandated by European Union welfare regulations with the aim of improving physiological and behavioral development. Data from 13 studies published between 2000 and 2024 were analyzed to quantify the relationship between SF supply and abomasal lesions. The dataset revealed that during this time period the mean daily SF intake increased by approximately 700 g per calf. The meta-regression analysis showe