A Comprehensive Review on Equine Milk: Composition, Functional Properties, Technological Applications, and Future Perspectives
Claudia Pânzaru, Mădălina Alexandra Davidescu, Cristina Simeanu, C. Pascal, A. Usturoi, Marius Gheorghe Doliș
Agriculture
Abstract
Mare and donkey milk have attracted scientific and commercial interest due to their distinctive biochemical composition and functional potential as nutritional sources. Their compositional similarity to human milk—particularly regarding lactose content, protein profile, and mineral balance—makes them relevant alternatives for individuals with bovine milk intolerance and suitable candidates for nutraceutical and biomedical research. This systematic review provides an overview of the physicochemical properties of the milk of these species, examining the influence of breed, diet, and lactation stage on yield and composition. Particular attention is given to bioactive compounds, including lysozyme, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins, which have been associated with antimicrobial, anti-inflammato