Multi‐Dimensional Food Printing Technology: Evolution, Applications, and Challenges From 3D to Higher Dimensions

Abstract

This review discusses the evolution, key technologies, and application prospects of multi-dimensional food printing-3D and higher-dimensional food additive manufacturing-with a focus on 3D and 4D systems. It outlines the foundational principles of 3D food printing and its expansion into food applications, explaining how 4D food printing introduces time-dependent, stimulus-responsive behavior to achieve dynamic functionality. The potential of higher-dimensional printing, such as 5D and 6D, is also noted as an emerging direction for intelligent food systems. The analysis covers major techniques, including extrusion-based printing, selective laser sintering, binder jetting, and inkjet printing, with emphasis on the essential influence of food ink formula and processing parameters on printing