<b>Management of tar spot, sclerotinia stem rot, and fusarium head blight in conventional and organic systems in indiana</b>

Abstract

Soybean, corn, and wheat are among the most important agricultural crops worldwide due to their central role in food security, animal feed, biofuel production, and global trade. Soybean is a major source of protein and vegetable oil, corn is widely used for food, feed, and industrial purposes, and wheat is a staple food for a large portion of the world’s population. Together, these crops support rural economies, ensure stable food supplies, and contribute significantly to sustainable agricultural systems. However, their productivity is strongly affected by fungal diseases that can cause severe yield and quality losses. In corn, tar spot, caused by <i>Phyllachora maydis</i>, has become an emerging and highly damaging foliar disease, leading to reduced photosynthetic area, premature plant se