From Modern Reference to Archaeological Record: Protocols for Starch Grain Extraction, Characterization, and Analysis v1

Abstract

This protocol details the extraction and characterization of starch grains from a modern reference collection in order to enable direct comparison with archaeological specimens recovered from a wide range of contexts. The methodology follows a standardized and replicable workflow that includes procedures for sample selection, cleaning, drying, mechanical extraction, and slide preparation. Particular attention is given to modern contamination control and the consistent handling of materials throughout all stages of the process. Microscopic observation is conducted under multiple magnifications, allowing detailed documentation of granule morphology, including size, shape, hilum position, and surface features. Both stained and unstained preparations are analyzed to enhance the visibility of d